The global push to eradicate SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in an unprecedented number of intramuscular vaccines given to the world population, as such we are seeing an increase in possible side effects. One such side effect may be Parsonage-Turner Syndrome (PTS). Parsonage-Turner Syndrome (PTS) presents post-Subcutaneous (SQ) or Intramuscular (IM) injection of a vaccine and is a particular brachial plexopathy. When assessing the degree of plexus injury, relevant diagnostic testing, including Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction study (NCS), is of particular importance to avoid delays in treatment. We hereby present a case of a 56-year-old male with acute brachial neuritis following IM flu vaccination.
Abstract
Introduction
The widespread use
of the ever-evolving influenza vaccines has led to previously unknown and
undiagnosed side effects becoming more and more prevalent. One such side effect
is Parsonage-Turner Syndrome (PTS). Parsonage-Turner Syndrome (PTS) is a
brachial neuritis that presents as an inflammatory brachial plexopathy that can
occur following physiological stress such as systemic viral infection, surgery,
or vaccination. Parsonage-Turner Syndrome (PTS) is characterized by an acute
often asymmetric severe pain localized to the shoulder (in the case of IM
vaccination) and radiating distally to the arm, neck, and back. The pain
usually appears within several days following a bacterial or viral illness,
surgery, or immunization. The syndrome is usually self-resolving within several
days and most patients spontaneously recover without intervention. However, corticosteroids, analgesics, and
physical therapy have shown to be key components in the treatment and
supportive management of PTS when deemed necessary.
Case Report
A 56-year-old male presented to the neurology clinic with a chief complaint of pain in his left shoulder. The patient had received an intramuscular influenza vaccine, after which he noted severe arm pain for which he ultimately went to the emergency room, where he was given an injection of anti-inflammatory medication with no improvement. His symptoms worsened over the week when he noticed increased pain and swelling along with the development of weakness in the affected arm. The pain began to radiate from his shoulder, down his arm, and to his neck. The pain was continuous and described as "achy" with 10/10 in severity and exacerbated with movement. On physical examination, there was tenderness to palpation over the left cervical paraspinal muscle and trapezius muscle. There was mild ecchymosis over the left trapezius muscle. Empty can and drop arm tests were positive. Strength was noted to be 3/5 in deltoids, 4/5 in biceps and triceps with 5/5 distal strength including wrists and fingers flexion and extension. Diagnostic tests included a CT of the shoulder showed calcific tendinitis and no obvious rotator cuff tear. He was not an MRI candidate in the setting of having a pacemaker not compatible with MRI. A Nerve conduction study and electromyography were done. The nerve conduction study (Figure 1) revealed median nerve entrapment at the level of the wrist which is consistent with mild carpal tunnel syndrome. EMG (Table 1) showed active denervation potentials in multiple muscles concerning plexopathy supporting the diagnosis of brachial plexitis.
Figure 1: NCS.
Table 1:
EMG.
Discussion
P Parsonage-Turner syndrome (PTS) also known
as acute brachial neuritis, idiopathic brachial plexus neuropathy, brachial
plexus neuritis or neuralgic amyotrophy following an influenza vaccination is
an uncommon but clinically important presentation [1]. The incidence of this
syndrome is about two to three individuals per every 100,000 people, most
commonly between the 3rd and 7th decades of life. This syndrome has also shown
a greater predilection for males over females [2].
Its pathophysiology remains obscure, and the
majority of the cases have been ascribed to surgical procedures, trauma, recent
viral infections (varicella virus, herpes simplex, HIV, Coxsackie B virus,
Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus,
SARS-CoV2), autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus,
polyarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis, and vaccinations [3-6]. Most occurred
after polio, chickenpox, hepatitis B, influenza, and HPV immunizations.
However, post-vaccination PTS is an infrequent entity, with only 4.3-15% of all
cases being attributed to vaccines [7]. Possible immune-mediated mechanisms
include molecular mimicry and bystander activation, both of which may ensue
following either infection (e.g., hepatitis E and SARS-CoV-2 [6]), or
vaccination.
PTS commonly presents with acute, diffuse
shoulder girdle and upper arm pain followed by proximal upper extremity
weakness, commonly in the muscles innervated by the upper plexus
(supraspinatus, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, deltoid, and biceps) [8].
This syndrome most commonly affects the upper trunk of the brachial plexus,
suprascapular nerve, long thoracic nerve, axillary nerve, and anterior
interosseous nerve [4]. Progressive neurological deficits, including weakness,
atrophy, and occasionally sensory abnormalities usually appear between 2 and 6
weeks [9]. Discomfort can last for several weeks, with one study reporting more
than 10% of patients having initial pain lasting more than 60 days and more
than 75% of patients who experienced two additional phases of
position-dependent neuropathic pain lasting several months. This same study
documented pain primarily at night in 60% of patients [10].
Differential diagnosis of PTS includes focal
extremity pathologies including subacromial bursitis, facioscapulohumeral
dystrophy, adhesive capsulitis, or other nervous pathologies including
radiculopathy, entrapment neuropathies, multifocal motor neuropathy, hereditary
neuropathy, and mononeuritis multiplex [11,12]. Intrinsic hourglass-like
constrictions of affected nerves or nerve fascicles have been recognized in the
acute (?4 weeks) phase of PTS [13] to date, they have not been observed in
other spontaneous neuropathies [13,14].
Diagnosis is further complicated by the
heterogeneity of symptoms among patients, which vary according to the nerves
injured and the speed at which the disease progresses [12]. Therefore, a
comprehensive approach involving accurate history taking, physical examination,
and specific tests (e.g., electromyography and brachial plexus magnetic
resonance imaging [MRI]) is required to ensure a proper diagnosis, while a
delay of diagnosis and treatment may result in lasting functional damage [15].
There is no consensus on the treatment of
PTS, but treatment generally involves conservative measures such as analgesia,
corticosteroids, and physical therapy [4]. A proposed protocol for
corticosteroid treatment is oral prednisone at 1 mg/kg/day for 1–2 weeks
followed by a taper-off over an additional 1–2 weeks [4,16]. Recently, there
has been some degree of evidence suggesting benefits from the administration of
immunoglobulins, with some patients responding positively, but there is little
data, and more rigorous research is required to determine their ultimate
efficacy [17]. PTS is typically a self-resolving process, with 80-90% recovery
of muscle strength within 2-3 years, but residual paresis and exercise
intolerance can happen in up to 70% of patients [18,12].
Presently, a causal relationship between PTS
and the influenza vaccine has been suggested by only a few case reports, hence
our case is significant as it adds weight to the existing literature. Our
patient presented with PTS after receiving the influenza vaccine, presenting
symptoms being severe upper extremity pain and weakness. Other etiologies of
the shoulder pain were ruled out by doing a CT scan that showed calcific
tendinitis and no frank rotator cuff tear. EMG/NCS was also indicative of
brachial plexopathy.
Conclusion
Parsonage-Turner syndrome can present after
influenza vaccination and clinicians should keep high suspicion for this
diagnosis. Prompt investigation with imaging including EMG/NCS and timely
management with corticosteroids, and analgesics followed by rehabilitation may
reduce morbidity in this patient population. Also, in this era of increased
drive for vaccines especially analgesics in immunosuppressed populations,
clinicians need to be aware of this rare potential neurologic complication of
the influenza vaccine.
Funding and Conflict of Interest
None